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1_ In my case the system audio interface is the internal card of the computer. It is the one that takes PW by default for input/monitor, output. This is capable of working at 48000.

2_ Pw brings the default configuration of Ubuntu studio. In fact I don't even have the configuration folder etc/pipewire or the local equivalent .config/pipewire.

I work at 44100, I think I configured it through the Ubuntu Studio tool. I have no idea where the configuration is saved.

3_ I have forced PW to 48000.

4_ I have connected hardware with characteristics equivalent to those of your conflicting device. USB audio capture that only works at 44100.

5_ I have connected Qtractor to the output of the PW system (internal sound card at 48000). I have connected the USB hardware at 44100 to the audio input of Qtractor.

Everything works fine. You don't even realize that the card can only output at 44100.

The most logical conclusion is then: your hardware is failing. The problem is with your keyboard with 44100 audio interface.

It is not fully compatible with ALSA, or it has a firmware error.

Solutions if this is true: Is there an updated firmware? Is it possible to install the native drivers on Linux?

Another solution that might work:

Use an external extra interface that works at 48000 and acts as a bridge.

The problematic 44100 > 48000 Bridge

The error occurs and the bridge starts working at 44100.

Bridge 44100 > 48000 Qtractor

But since the bridge card is compatible now the conversion is done correctly.

I don't think it is even necessary with another card.

Have you tried using an ALSA app as a bridge, as I mentioned? Or you can even try Carla as a bridge, it might work even if it's Jack and not ALSA.

Correction: if it is Jack you have already verified that it changes the frequency to all PW, which makes sense, because PW treats each ALSA node as an independent application/session, and all Jack nodes as a single session dependent on the PW session. The bridge must be ALSA.